| Noise Figure Measurement Accuracy - The Y-Factor Method - Application Note Specific to instruments that use the Y-factor method for noise figure measurements, this app note discusses measurement basics, avoidable errors, loss and temperature corrections, and uncertainties. |
This 32-page, black-and-white application note providesinformation on RF and Microwave noise figure measurementts. Topics include noise figure and temperature, noise characteristics of two-port networks, and the measurement of noise figure. |
Learn measurement fundamentals to optimize your signal analysis for greater insights |
| Noise Figure Uncertainty Calculator The noise figure uncertainty calculator has been created to aid your design work, from components through to systems, helping you meet the continued demand for higher system performance. |
| Spectrum and Signal Analyzer Measurements and Noise Application Note 1303 Noise is the classical limitation of electronics. In this application note, the characteristics of noise and its direct measurement are discussed in detail. |
This application note (also known as AN 150) explains the fundamentals of swept-tuned, superheterodyne spectrum analyzers and discusses the latest advances in spectrum analyzer capabilities. |
| Fundamentals of Signal Analysis Series (AN 1405-2) This application note is a primerfor those who are unfamiliar with the class of analyzers we call dynamic signal analyzers. These instruments are particularly appropriate for the analysis of signals in the range of a few millihertz to about a hundred kilohertz. |
| Fundamentals of Signal Analysis Series (AN 1405-1) This Application Note is a primer for those who are unfamiliar with the advantages of analysis in the frequency and modal domains. |
| Fundamentals of Signal Analysis (AN 243) This Application Note is a primer for those who are unfamiliar with the advantages of analysis in the frequency and modal domains and with the class of analyzers we call dynamic signal analyzers. It explains the time, frequency and modal domains and provides an overview of the major functions and... |
| Pulsed Carrier Phase Noise Measurements - Application Note This application note discusses basic fundamentals for making pulsed carrier phase noise measurements. |
| Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range -- Application Note The dynamic range of a spectrum analyzer is traditionally defined as the ratio, in dB, of the largest to the smallest signals simultaneously present at the input of the spectrum analyzer that allows measurement of the smaller to a given degree of uncertainty. The signals of interest can either be... |
| Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range - Application Note This application note defines the elements of spectrum analyzer measurement speed and shows how to choose solution bandwidth and data output format for fast measurements. |
| Designing and Testing cdma2000 Base Stations (AN 1357) - Application Note This Application Note describes base station design and measurement issues at the physical... |
| RF Testing of WLAN Products- Application Note This Application note discusses the modulation technology behind several wireless LAN standards and the measurement techniques that can be used to trouble shoot and quantify their RF performance. |
| Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Power Measurements (AN 1449) - Application Note Keysight's Fundamentals of RF and Microwave Power Measurements, application note (AN 1449-1/2/3/4). |
| Optimizing Dynamic Range for Distortion Measurements This Product Note covers high dynamic range measurement techniques for the new PSA Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series. The Note describes the best way to use the PSA series to make distortion measurements such as ACP, intermodulation, and harmonic distortion. |
| Designing and Testing 3GPP W-CDMA User Equipment - Application Note This Application Note focuses on the physical layer (layer 1) of the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode of W-CDMA. |
| Designing and Testing 3GPP W-CDMA Base Stations (Including Femtocells) - Application Note W-CDMA is one of several wideband digital cellular technologies competing for the third-generation (3G) cellular market. |
| Designing and Testing cdma2000 Mobile Stations - Application Note 1358 One of the proposals for the IMT-2000 requirements for a 3G global wireless communications system is cdma2000. This application note describes mobile station design and measurement issues at the physical layer (layer 1) that may be different between cdma2000 and cdmaOne. |
| Testing CDMA Base Station Amplifiers (AN 1307) The objective of this Application Note is to cover the basic measurement fundamentals of characterizing the linear and non-linear behavior of CDMA power amplifiers. |
| Understanding CDMA Measurements for Base Stations and Their Components (AN 1311) This Application Note presents the fundamental measurement principles for the RF parametric tests performed on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) base stations and their components. |
| Understanding GSM/EDGE Transmitter and Receiver Measurements for Base Transceiver Stations (AN 1312) This 36-page application note presents the fundamental RF parametric measurements necessary to characterize GSM/EDGE base transceiver stations and their components. |
| PSA Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series: Amplitude Accuracy This Product Note describes the excellent amplitude accuracy performance of the new PSA Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series. |
| PSA Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series: Measurement Innovations and Benefits Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series. This Note is a general overview of all of the major new technologies used in the PSA series, with a focus on the measurement benefits they provide... |
| Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer Amplitude Accuracy (AN 1316) This Application Note covers the factors affecting the accuracy (or uncertainty) of amplitude measurements made with spectrum analyzers, and explains how to calculate worst-case uncertainty in general situations. It will help you analyze a measurement and decide what procedure to follow to... |
| Using Extended Calibration Software for Wide Bandwidth Measurements (AN 1443) This 16-page application note explains how to ensure accurate measurements with a vector signal analyzer using quick calibration methods. |
| Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series: Swept and FFT Analysis Application Note This Product Note covers the measurement speed and other benefits of advanced signal processing in the new PSA Performance Spectrum Analyzer Series. |
| Combining Network and Spectrum Analyses and IBASIC (AN 1288-1) Active components (and now even some passive components like crystal filters require analysis to characterize linear parameters (gain/loss, phase and group delay or S-parameters) as well as non-linear performance. Non-linear analysis is typically related to measuring signal distortion generated... |
| Mastering the New Base Stations: Design and Test of ADPA and Digital Transceivers for 3G Radios. This paper examines adaptive digital pre-distortion (ADPD) technology and the test challenges associated with implementing ADPD amplifiers and digital radio transceivers. |
| Improving the Performance of CDMA Transmission Systems New paper describes how to improve the performance of CDMA transmission systems - specifically, base stations that employ baseband clipping to reduce signal Peak to Average Ratios. |
| HPSK Spreading for 3G (AN 1335) The objective of this Application Note is to provide an overview of Hybrid Phase Shift Keying (HPSK) and explain how to start making modulation quality measurements on the reverse link (uplink) of 3G spread-spectrum systems. |
| Performing cdma2000 Measurements Today (AN 1325) cdma2000 is the 3GPP2 standard for 3G technology derived from cdmaOne. Although the standard has not yet been defined, R&D component and system engineers need to test their cdma 2000 designs today. This Application Note is a guide to cdma2000 testing based on established cdmaOne measurements... |
| PDC and NADC Transmitter Measurement for Base Transceiver Stations and Mobile Stations (AN 1324) This Application Note describes the key RF parametric measurements necessary to characterize Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and North American Digital Cellular (NAD) transmitters in both Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and Mobile Stations (MS). |